Puberty is an important marker of health and development in a child’s life. Complex neuroendocrine factors contribute to the onset of puberty. While pubertal changes usually occur between the ages of 12 and 13 years, some children may attain puberty before the age of eight years for girls and nine years for boys, which is termed precocious puberty. A literature review was conducted to explore the incidence and prevalence of precocious puberty, identify contributory factors, and recognise management and preventive measures. In addition, the effects on the child and family and the role of nurses were considered. The incidence and prevalence of precocious puberty are increasing. Obesity, early childhood stressors, environmental toxins, increased access to the internet and socioeconomic status are contributory factors. Pharmacological and psychological interventions may be used to manage precocious puberty. Lifestyle modifications such as healthy eating are important preventive measures. Nurses have an important role in preparing children and families, and supporting their psychological and social well-being.